Joan of Arc: A History, by Helen Castor

A saint is like a star. A star and a saint shine forever”, concluded Josephine Poole in her 1998 children’s book Joan of Arc. She was undoubtedly echoing the words of Pope Pius X, who 90 years earlier had described the soon-to-be beatified Joan as “a new star destined to be the glory not only of France but of the universal Church as well”. As Helen Castor writes in this illuminating new biography, in the history of 15th-century France the woman known as the Maid of Orleans “shines brighter than that of any other figure”. But although stars may be brilliant, celestial bodies have no agency: their function is to shine, not to want or to think. The motivations and desires of the historic Joan – peasant girl, French woman and 15th-century human being – have been cast into shadow by the blinding light cast by Joan, warrior-saint.

The latter Joan, according to the popular mythology that has seen her immortalised in song, wartime propaganda posters and even the packaging for an American brand of butter beans, was implacable in pursuit of her mission, unshakeable in her faith, untouchable in her virginal purity. She is a worthy patron saint of France, a country that on Joan’s canonisation in 1920 badly needed a heroine. The Joan of traditional narratives had a life trajectory like a shooting star: brief, brilliant and destined for a fiery demise. Yet the Joan of contemporary records seems to have had no desire to be a martyr; she was frightened of the prospect of death by fire, and let down by the heavenly voices who had promised she would be saved from the flames. The destiny Joan believed in was rather different from the one that would be written for her in the decades and centuries after her death.

The Joan of traditional narratives had a life trajectory like a shooting star: brief, brilliant and destined for a fiery demise

This is the problem with treating a historic figure as a star, after all. Not only does the light of their reputation obscure our perception of the real human being behind that fame, but also, as Castor notes, the “vast gravitational pull” of their stardom distorts our reading of history. We shape the narrative to fit the hero’s expected journey. Most accounts of Joan’s life follow a similar pattern, beginning with the quiet of the French countryside interrupted by heavenly visions given to a simple teenage girl, who then goes to the disinherited dauphin Charles and convinces him that God has given her a mission to expel the English and see him crowned as the rightful King of France. She lops off her hair, straps on armour and boldly leads the French to victory on the battlefield, before being captured and martyred by her English foes. There is an intimate appeal to this type of approach, to beginning Joan’s journey with her in the small village of Domrémy and then following her to court to battlefield to interrogation chamber to the pyre. As Joan is one of the most documented people of her time, it makes sense that many readers have come to understand the last years of the messy stretch of battles, assassinations and negotiations known as the Hundred Years War by following in her footsteps.

Castor takes a different approach, and in her book we do not meet Joan until a third of the way through. The first 80-odd pages of Joan of Arc: A History plunge the reader into the aftermath of Agincourt. For the English, this glorious victory by a heavily outnumbered army was simple proof that God supported Henry V’s claim to the throne of France. For the French, matters were more complicated, and Castor masterfully sketches the personal and political rivalries that resulted in the formation of Burgundian and Armagnac factions that soon erupted into open and bloody conflict. This was a time, Castor stresses, that all of France was obsessed with the vexed question of why God had given victory to the English. Defeat was clearly a punishment: but for whose sins? Amid this turmoil, the girl who called herself Joan the Maid (the appellation d’Arc came later; the peasant Jeanne was too humble for a surname) was hardly the first or only visionary who claimed God had given her the key to peace: but she was compelling enough to win the patronage of Anjou’s powerful dowager duchess, Yolande of Aragon, who brought her to the attention of Charles, the dauphin who would be king.

While Castor’s narrative strategy here is not groundbreaking (Nancy Goldstone’s 2012 work The Maid and the Queen features a long opening section on Yolande’s role in French politics and Joan’s ascendancy), the execution is superb, condensing 13 complicated years into three lively chapters that capture both the bloody brutality and the delicate diplomacy of medieval French politics.

The second section of the book follows the course of Joan’s short career as prophet and military leader, and then her trial and execution, set very firmly in the political context of war between England and France. The final 50 pages cover the aftermath of Joan’s death: the defeat of the English, the ascendancy of Charles VII of France, and the rehabilitation of the Maid’s reputation, which transformed her death at the stake from just punishment for heresy to martyrdom for God and for the freedom of France.

God is mentioned a good deal in this book, and Castor thankfully does not attempt to explain away Joan’s visions, as other historians have done, by diagnosing her with a range of psychological or physiological disorders. For a story that cannot escape reference to the divine, however, Castor’s account is surprisingly free of context about late medieval piety that would render explicable not only a sophisticated court’s willingness to believe Joan, but also what cultural contexts might have nurtured the faith of a very young woman to manifest itself in such a way in the first place. While Castor does make a good account of the theological examinations of Joan’s testimonies, we get little sense of religious practice outside the rarefied atmosphere of medieval academia, and the reader may be left with significant questions about the broader social context of Joan’s life. In this respect, too, I was disappointed to find so little here about Joan in her position as a low-status woman. Castor takes it as read that her gender and her birth made her vulnerable to being discredited at best and abused at worst, but as this book is aimed at a wide audience, it seems a missed opportunity to not take advantage of a rich body of scholarship on medieval womanhood to contextualise the reaction of Joan’s contemporaries to both her body and her message.

While this book offers a clear and elegant account of the broader political context of Joan’s life and also gives a sensitive reading of Joan as a determined, charismatic and vulnerable human being, these lacunae may mean that the non-expert reader finds the fast pace of its narrative bewildering. For readers who have some familiarity with medieval history, however, Joan of Arc: A History is an engaging piece of popular scholarship that does not diminish Joan’s star, but instead uses its light to illuminate a remarkable age.