世界大学排名2019:评估体系

我们在收集和评估世界大学排名数据时一直都非常谨慎与一致。这篇文章将解释我们如何运用收集到的数据来评价全球1200多所世界大学。

九月 7, 2018
WUR 2019 cover

查看2019年世界大学排名的完整结果

泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名是世界唯一以研究型大学在四项全面核心任务中的表现来作评估:教学、研究、知识转移和国际前景。我们使用13个经过仔细标准化的二级指标来提供最全面和平衡的评估,因此我们的排名得到国际学生、学者、大学领导、行业和政府的信赖。

一级指标分为五大方面:教学(学习环境);研究(论文数量、收入和声誉);引文(研究影响力);国际视野(教职员、学生和研究);行业投资的研究收入(知识转移)。


不想花太多时间阅读?以下是一段视频,在不到两分钟的时间内解图泰晤士的世界大学排名体系。 


三条先决条件

如果该大学不授予本科课程,或在2013年至2017年期间研究数量少于1000篇出版物(每年至少150篇),那很遗憾暂时没能参加我们的世界大学排名。如果该大学80%或更多的研究成果产出仅限于我们的11个学科领域之一,那么该大学也无法参与排名。

数据收集

大学提供并同意提交大学数据以便在排名中使用。在很罕见的情况下,当大学没提供指定的数据时,我们将给受影响的指标输入一个保守估计数字。通过这样的处理方式,我们避免对一所大学因不提供数据给予“零”值而过度严厉拉低该校的整体表现,但我们也不会鼓励大学拒绝提供这些数据。

最终结果

从具体数据转向指标,最后给该校打分,整个过程要求泰晤士匹配完全不一样类型的数据。为此,我们将每个指标规范化,然后按照公开的比例综合所有指标,最终得到总积分。

我们使用的规范化方法首先考虑某指标的数据分布,然后计算指标正态分布的概率密度(唯独大学声誉指标采用指数分布)。总积分按照高到低排列,结果成就了年度的泰晤士《世界大学排名》。

World University Rankings methodology 2019

指标

教学(学习环境)- 30%

  • 教学声誉:15%
  • 教职员对学生比例:5%
  • 授予博士学位对授予学士学位比例:25%
  • 授予博士学位数量对教职员比例:6%
  • 大学总收入:25%

教学声誉的数据来源是泰晤士最新的2018年学术声誉调查(每年举办),在2018年的一至三月间举行。比例相对全球的地理和学科组合。它调查该大学的教学声望。我们努力确保在各个学科和区域之间平衡地收集调查反馈。当学科或区域代表性过高或过低时,我们的数据团队会将收来的反馈进行调整权重,以更准确地反映学者的实际分布情况(更多详情请点击)。我们结合2018和2017年的学术声望调查数据,共超过20,000份回应,统计教学声誉的得分。

高比例的研究生能让我们估计该所大学有多么致力于培养下一代的学者,除此之外也体现高质量教育从而吸引毕业生并有效地培养他们。考虑到每所大学的学科组合,这一指标会进行标准化,反映出博士学位的数量因学科而异。

大学收入将除于教职员人数,以购买力平价(ppp)标准化。它让我们大概了解一所大学的大体地位,并有能力给学生和教职员提供多少的基础设施和资源。

研究(论文数量、收入和声誉)- 30%

  • 研究声誉:18%
  • 研究收入:6%
  • 研究生产力:6%

这里最突出的二级指标是根据我们对年度学术声誉调查(见上文)的反馈,考察一所大学在同行群里的卓越研究声望。

研究收入将除于教职员人数,并根据购买力平价(PPP)进行调整。这是一个有争议的指标,因为它可能受到国家政策和经济环境的影响。但是,收入对世界级研究的发展至关重要,而且由于大部分收入都受到大学之间的竞争所影响,并由同行评议,所以我们的专家认为这是一个有效的衡量标准。这一指标完全标准化,以考虑到每一所大学的学科组合概况,反映了这样一个事实,即科学学科的研究资助往往比那些最高质量的社会科学、艺术和人文科学研究的资助更高。

为了衡量生产力,我们计算了以爱斯维尔Scopus数据库为索引的学术期刊中每个学者发表的出版物数量,按教职员数量进行调整,并按学科进行了标准化。这项指标促使我们评估该大学在高质量的同行评议期刊上发表论文的能力。去年,我们设计了一种评估方式来为有发表但没有教职员的学科上提供得分。

引文(研究影响力)- 30%

从国际学者引用该大学刊登的研究刊物次数来衡量该大学在国际学术界的影响力。今年,我们的引文计量数据伙伴Elsevier审查超过1,410万的学术期刊论文,会议记录和近5年发布的书籍,共6,790万个引文。其中包括Elsevier的Scopus数据库从2013年至2017年期间的25,000本学术期刊,以及这批学术期刊从2013年至2018年期间的引用。

引文有助于反映该大学对社会进步的贡献,以及哪些研究在全球学术界脱引而出,是其他钻研学者所瞩目的。

这指标也会进行标准化考虑不同学科领域研究刊物引用的需要。比如说理工科学类研究刊物一直以来引用次数很频繁,不过不会因为这个特性而在引文指标取得不公平的优势。

在2015年至2016年,我们拒绝超过1,000位作者的研究刊物,因为它们的引文只集中在少数大学。如今我们设置了一套新审核方式,重新收录这些受影响的论文。一同与Elsevier,我们开发了新的分数计数模式,确保这些论文的作者所代表的大学将获得至少5%的论文数值,而那些为论文提供更多贡献的学者将获更高的论文数值。

国际视野(教职员、学生和研究)- 7.5%

  • 国际对本地学生百分率:5%
  • 国际对本地教职员百分率:5%
  • 国际合著:5%

衡量该大学吸引国际学生的能力,从而评估该大学在国际学术界的影响力。在国际合著的指标里,我们将计算该校至少带一名国际学者著作的研究刊物对总研究刊物的比例。这指标也会进行与引文指标类似的标准化处理。

行业投资的研究收入(知识转移)- 2.5%

大学协助企业创新和开发,并加以指引已成了当代全球高等教育学院的核心使命。这指标通过行业投资的研究收入的额度来捕获这类型的知识转移活动,对比教职员数量。我们也会进行标准化取消货币兑换率对实际购买力的影响。

除此之外,这指标也体现企业愿意给研究开发投入多少费用,以及大学吸引商业市场资金的能力。


2019年泰晤士世界大学排名的计算是经专业会计师事务所普华永道(PricewaterhouseCoopers)进行了独立审计,使泰晤士排名成为世界唯一接受全面、第三方独立审查的全球大学排名。

更多了解普华永道/泰晤士2019年世界大学排名审核报告

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Reader's comments (29)

Good Morning! I am Dr. Babak Mahmood, Director Quality Enhancement Cell, Government College University, Faisalabad. I want to know the way to apply for World Ranking. Please guide me in this. Regards,
It seems like these breakdowns indicate 33% of a university's score come from the Academic Reputation Survey (15% in the "Teaching" indicator, which makes up 50% of that indicator, plus 18% in the "Research" indicator, which constitutes 60% of that indicator). According to your website's description "...scholars are questioned at the level of their specific subject discipline. They are not asked to create a ranking themselves or to list a large range of institutions, but to name no more than 15 universities that they believe are the best in each category (research and teaching), based on their own experience." (https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/academic-reputation-survey-explained, 2016) So 33% of a university's score comes from how researchers/professors feel about institutions, but 0% comes from how students feel regarding their experience at the university they actually attended. Am I understanding this correctly?
Hello Dr Mahmood. We’re pleased to hear of your interest in taking part in our rankings. To do so, please email our Rankings team (profilerankings@timeshighereducation.com). They will explain the process. Best regards
May I have a copy of the report?
Hello! I am Dr Anastasia Logvinenko from Ushynsky University, Odessa, Ukraine. We would like to take part in your rankings. Please explain the way we can do it. Best regards.
Hello Dr Logvinenko. It’s great to hear that you are interested in taking part. To get started, send an email our Rankings team (profilerankings@timeshighereducation.com). They will explain the process and detail what information is required. Best regards
Where can I find the template for the world university ranking data collection? If possible send it to my email associated with this account. Thanks.
Dear THE World University Rankings Teams, I am Dr Sugiharto, from Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. We would like to take part in your rankings. However, we don't know how to do. Could you please to explain the way we can do it. We have sent an email to profilerankings@timeshighereducation.com, but the email could not be sent. It seems that the email address is wrong. Thank you very much Best regards, Sugiharto
Hello. We can't see any problems with the email address profilerankings@timeshighereducation.com. Perhaps you could try again. If that does not work, try this email address: rankings@timeshighereducation.com
How do define academic staff: Is it only tenured or tenure-track faculty positions or any employee (researchers, adjunct teaching staff, et c)? And how do you obtain the numbers?
Hi there. Academic staff is defined as the full-time equivalent number of staff employed in an academic post, for example lecturer, reader or professor. For more information on the methodology, you can email rankings@timeshighereducation.com.
Good Morning! In relation to the Research productivity, the website says: "To measure productivity we count the number of publications published in the academic journals indexed by Elsevier’s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and normalised for subject." Please, could you tell me what years are considered to count the papers? Thank you!
Hello, For the World University Rankings 2019 published in September 2018, we considered all relevant publications between 2013 and 2017. (Relevant publications are five types of publications: journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters). More information on the bibliometrics we used for the rankings can be found in the Citations (research influence) – 30% paragraph on https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/methodology-world-university-rankings-2019.
Hello, Does PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE research production computed in TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY's scores? Thanks!
Hello, I have a follow-up question on Research Productivity. It counts the publications per scholar (what I understand is the total number of publications divided by the total number of academic and research staff). If 5-year publications are considered for analysis, what years are considered to count the staff ? As universities only submit a single year of staff number to THE (2016 data for 2019 rankings), I wonder how this works for calculating research productivity. Thank you.
Research productivity index is a hybrid indicator, using data directly submitted by the institution (portal data) and bibliometrics (provided by Elsevier). We use the last five years of data for the bibliometric data: 2013 to 2017 for the World University Rankings 2019. For the academic staff and research staff, which are supplied by the institution, we use the reference year from two years ago, which proves to be the most complete year across the world. We need to compare universities using data from the same year, and some universities have academic years that finish at different times of the calendar year. There is also a lag required for data to be collated, verified and approved, and this varies among institutions. Therefore, in global terms, the most complete data available for all institutions have been found to be from two years ago. We use the year 2016 for the World University Rankings 2019 consistently for all the data supplied by the institution: staff, students, degrees and income. We could indeed refine the data collection for academic staff and research staff in terms of time period and align this more clearly on the time period used for bibliometrics, therefore requesting the data for the past five years…but this would multiply the amount of data we request from institutions, which is already quite high. Furthermore, the more granular the data, the more difficult to collect it consistently across the world.
Where is a separate list of Universities in Africa, like you got one for other regions such as UK, Canada, Asia Pacific?
Hi, We have a list of the best universities in Africa 2019 here: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-africa. We also have a list of the best universities in the Arab World 2018, taking in parts of the Middle East and North Africa: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-arab-world. I hope that helps.
Could you tell me how the research evaluation methodology accounts for non-journal article publications; ie books, book chapters, conference papers? How are citations in books, book chapters and conference papers brought into account? If these are not counted, how does the method control for disciplines where the book, for example, is the most highly regarded output? Why is a comprehensive source of citation data such as Google Scholar not used?
Hi there, For a fuller explanation, you should email your query to our data team at profilerankings@timeshighereducation.com.
Thank you tsablan for your response to my question on research productivity. It helps me to better understand THE ranking methodology.
It is noticeable that a large factor in the ranking is the reputation score. This, however, is likely to be influenced by factors such as a venerable and long history and less by present performance. This is evidenced to some extent by the often significant differences between the research rating (dominated by reputation) and the citation impact. Especially younger institutions seem to score badly on the first and much more strongly on the second which suggests that reputation score lags the true quality of the research in time so much that it bcomes a distorting factor. It would be very interesting to see what the ranking would look like when the reputation score is stripped out.
Bonjour, je suis Meftah Abdeljalil, étudiant à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l'Administration au Maroc et je travaille actuellement sur la thématique des classements internationaux des universités. Je veux avoir une idée sur le processus à suivre pour qu'une université puissent faire partie de votre classement. Je vous remercie.
Total of the score dominated by research, it is actually 68.25%., because in teaching band also covers 8.25% on directly research related. No score for Graduation or Masters records, though it is a condition to have undergraduate teaching. Could you please clarify my understanding? If any fee required to participate in ranking ?
Hi, How does THE obtain the data of the institutional research income? Is the data submitted by institutions? If so, how does THE validate the data? Thanks,
I am interested in how you are including the UN's sustainable development goals in your ranking. What matrix is being used to measure how Universities are having an impact on the Global Goals and their targets?
Hello, May I know if self-citations are included when calculating Citations scores? Thanks.
Hi. Which data source do you use for industry income (knowledge transfer? Is it the HE-BCi return Table 1.1 Collaborative Research and 1.2 Contract Research? Thanks. AD
Good day! Could you please let me know where can I find a breakdown of each indicator? For example, what categories of staff shall be considered as Research staff (shall we add to that range research assistants/instructors/teaching assistants?). Thanks in advance!