演讲并不能代替真正的学生参与

盖瑞·托马斯(Gary Thomas)表示,如果我们必须传授可转移的技能,那么一种学生经常表现很差且充满焦虑的练习就不是最佳方法

七月 18, 2022
A student gives a presentation
Source: iStock

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布里斯托大学(University of Bristol)的学生娜塔莎·阿布拉哈特(Natasha Abrahart)宁愿结束自己的生命,也不愿意向教职工和学生发表演讲。这一令人心碎的消息应该促使我们反思演讲这一广泛使用的教学和评估方法的价值。

在40年的高等教育教学生涯中,我发现学生演讲哪怕不是无处不在,至少也是十分常见的。一门一周4小时的课程一般是这样构成的:两小时以授课为中心的演讲,剩余时间为以学生为中心的演讲或某种形式的研讨课。

我原以为只有在社会科学、艺术和人文学科中才会出现这种情况,但娜塔莎学的是物理。她的演讲是所谓的“实验室会议”的一部分,而且和通常的情况一样,这一演讲是要被评分的。

娜塔莎的恐惧源于某种程度的社交焦虑,并且积累到障碍的程度。但是,根据我的经验,受到评分的演讲会让大多数学生在演讲前几天或几周内产生不健康的焦虑。许多人站在同学们面前时会紧张得发抖。

这种焦虑会影响他们的表现:演讲质量往往不会很好,经常质量堪忧。尽管我们给学生们提供了大量关于最佳演讲形式的建议,但他们很少有足够的自信来做即兴表演或质疑观点;他们更喜欢埋头读笔记或逐字逐句地朗读满是文字的幻灯片。他们颤抖的声音不容易被听清。虽然学生们愿意支持自己的同学,但他们常常显得心不在焉。那些愤世嫉俗的学生可能会说,他们支付大笔学费不是为了听其他学生就手头的主题做糟糕的演讲。

我们希望在演讲中看到学生的批判力。但学生们总是认为,最安全的做法是展示从网站和教科书上搜集来的各种假定事实。他们认为这是一个很好的演讲策略。为了让他们摆脱这个根深蒂固的错觉,导师将不得不花费大量的时间讨论认识论和批判性思维的价值。在教授演讲技巧之余,这将大大减少用于讨论议题的时间。

使用学生演讲的做法往往能够通过课程验证,理由是它们有助于培养以沟通为中心的“可转移技能”。但为什么我们认为我们首先要传授“技能”,不管这技能是不是可转移的?学生们进入大学是为了学习物理、心理学、英语或其他专业,而不是演讲或交流。

我能预想批评我的人会说:“但他们应该好好学习这些技能。这是大学生活的一部分。更重要的是,这些都是他们在生活中需要的技能。”很多技能都会对学生们的工作或家庭生活有用,从如何重置配电箱、如何规划excel表格,到如何巧妙地与同事打交道,以及如何在会议上发表自己的意见。但这些并不是技能应该出现在课程中的理由。

沟通和表达能力很有用,但不要假装它们是物理课程的必要组成部分。

不要用它们来评估学生,这样做显然是不公平的。在任何学科中,自信、熟练的演讲所需要的品质,都与挖掘一项议题所需的品质相距甚远;后者所需要的是敏捷的思维、对事实的维护和批判性分析。在我自己的领域,即教育学,最伟大的人是约翰·杜威(John Dewey)。他是一个出了名的糟糕的演讲者和演说家,但这并没有阻止他对现代教育思想做出一些最重要和最持久的贡献。

老实说,演讲的普遍存在与教学时长背后的计算以及培养沟通技巧有关。这是一种让学生们参与课程的线下教学时间的管理方式。我们都希望学生参与课程,但不要把参与度与“可转移技能”的概念混淆,假装后者是大学课程中一个有效的可评估的特征。

盖瑞·托马斯是伯明翰大学(University of Birmingham)包容与多样性领域的名誉教授,也是一名特许心理学家。

本文由陆子惠为泰晤士高等教育翻译。

后记

Print headline: Presentation isn’t engagement

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Reader's comments (2)

"Communication and presentation skills: wonderful. But don’t pretend they’re a necessary part of a physics curriculum." Communication and presentation are basic life skills. The art of the written word is a mode of communication and presentation. "The qualities needed for confident, skilled presentation are far removed from those needed for gutting a topic – agility in thinking, factual retention, critical analysis – in any subject." This is empirically incorrect. A study of applied psychology is linked below. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/acp.3410?campaign=wolearlyview I would expect better given the qualifications and background of the author. Presenting materials to others enhances their own understanding. I learnt this, teaching mathematics in my first undergrad year to others in economics who had never done A level maths (v few unis let you do econ without a maths A level). Socialising improves your retention. "assessed presentations induce unhealthy levels of anxiety" I understand that this is the case but we have a problem if nobody can present. We live in a democratic society where these people have influence over themselves and others by systematic means. The confidence to even speak to themselves is essential. When you are at University, you are not yet a productive member of society. The way to get over the anxiety is to keep on doing it. It is the case with actors or sportsmen. When you get used to the audience, the anxiety can be dampened or even go away entirely. "The cynical among those colleagues might remark that they are not paying substantial sums in tuition fees to hear other students give weak presentations on the topic in hand." You watch and learn what to and what not to do. You also learn the art of testing unclear presentations and learning to gain clarity on essential information during the feedback process. It certainly isn't dead weight. At any serious uni, students tend to give reasonable presentations with some effort. I understand the background of the author and the empathy displayed, however we shouldn't allow our empathy to cloud our judgement. University life is easy compared to the real world and everything can't be easy. It's a very maternal trait. Our mothers, even into adulthood want life to be easy for us by general case. Unfortunately, this isn't a world of fairytales and rainbows. We have to leave our comfort zones to become productive, satisfied members of society and that involves socialisation.
Sorry other respondents. I agree wholeheartedly with the writer. My husband taught English in Scottish comprehensive schools for 25 years. Over the years poetry, drama and novels were given reduced time on the curriculum in favour of communication. This apparently was in response to feedback from employers and business interests. So who is education really for? Parents don't appear to have been consulted or the trade union movement. Business has its nose in too much of what makes society work, as for example CEOs running health and education.
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