Dorothy Bishop: the costs of the teaching excellence framework

The government’s new Higher Education and Research Bill gets its second reading this week. One complaint is that it has been rushed in without adequate scrutiny of some key components.

I was interested, therefore, to discover, that a Detailed Impact Assessment was published in June, specifically to look at the costs and benefits of the various components of the bill.

What I found was quite shocking: we were being told that the financial benefits of the new teaching excellence framework (TEF) vastly outweighed its costs – yet look in detail and this is all smoke and mirrors.

In particular, the report shows that while the costs of TEF to the higher education sector (confusingly described as "business") are estimated at £20 million, the direct benefits will come to £1,146 million, giving a net benefit of £1,126 million (table 1). How could the introduction of a new bureaucratic evaluation exercise be so remarkably beneficial? I read on with bated breath.

Well, sad to relate, it’s voodoo analysis. This becomes clear if you press on to table 12, which shows the crucial data from statistical modelling. 

Quite simply, the TEF generates money for institutions that get a good rating because it allows them to increase tuition fees in line with inflation. Institutions that don’t participate in the TEF, or those that fail to get a good enough rating, will not be able to exceed the current £9,000 a year fee, and so in real terms their income will decline over time. As far as I can make out, they are not included in table 1.

Furthermore, the increases for the compliant, successful institutions are measured relative to how they would have done if they had not been allowed to raise fees.

So to sum up:

You don’t need the TEF to achieve this result. You could get the same outcome by just allowing all institutions to raise fees in line with inflation.

• As noted in the briefing to the bill by the House of Commons: “the Bill is expected to result in a net financial benefit to higher education providers of around £1.1 billion a year. This is in very large part due to the higher fees that providers with successful TEF outcomes will be able to charge students.”
• The system is designed for there to be winners and losers, and the losers will inevitably see their real income falling further and further behind the winners, unless inflation is zero.

The impact assessment does consider other options, including that of allowing fee increases in line with inflation provided the institution has a satisfactory quality assurance rating. This is rejected on the grounds that “...whilst QA is a good starting point, reliance on QA alone and in the longer-term will not enable significant differentiation of teaching quality to help inform student decisions and encourage institutions to improve their teaching quality”. 

This makes clear that one consequence (and one suspects one purpose) of the TEF is to facilitate the division into institutional sheep and goats, followed by starvation of the goats.

Another option, which was strongly recommended by many of those who responded to the consultation exercise on the Green Paper that preceded the bill, is to remove the link between the TEF and fees. In other words, have some kind of teaching evaluation, where the motivation for taking part would be reputational rather than financial. 

This too is rejected as not sufficiently powerful an incentive. "The Research Excellence Framework allocates £1.5 billion a year to institutions. To achieve parity of esteem and focus between teaching and research the TEF will need to have a similar level of financial implications,” the impact assessment says.

However, this is rather disingenuous. There is no pot of money on offer. We live in a country where we are used to government supporting higher education; now, however, the only source of income to universities for teaching is via student fees, but raising fees is unpopular.

The funding of universities will collapse unless they can either find alternative sources of income, or continue to raise fees in line with inflation, and the TEF provides a cover story for doing that.

So we have a system designed to separate winners and losers, but the outcome will depend crucially on two factors: the rate of inflation and the rate of increase in students. The figures in the document have been modelled assuming that the number of students at English higher education institutions will increase at a rate of about 2 per cent a year, and that annual inflation will be about 3 per cent.

If either growth in numbers or inflation is lower, then the difference between those who do and don’t get good TEF ratings (and hence the apparent financial benefits of the TEF) will decline.

What about the anticipated costs of the TEF? 

We are told: “Institutions collectively will experience average annual costs of £22 million as a result of familiarising, signing up and applying to the Teaching Excellence Framework, once the TEF covers discipline level assessments. This is equivalent to an average of £53,000 per institution, significantly less than the Research Excellence Framework (REF) at £230,000 per institution per year.” 

One can only assume that those writing this report have little experience of how academic institutions operate. For instance, they say that “Year One will not represent any additional administrative cost to institutions, as we will use the existing QA process”. I did a quick internet search and immediately found two universities that were advertising now for administrators to work on preparing for the TEF (on salaries of about £30K-£40K), as well as a consultancy agency that was touting for custom by noting the importance of being “TEF-ready”.

If you are concerned at the threats to higher education posed by the bill, please write to your MP – there is a website here that makes it very easy to do so.

Dorothy Bishop is professor of developmental neuropsychology at the University of Oxford. This post originally appeared on her blog.